Article Writing Guidelines

Authors' Ethical Responsibilities

Authors submitting work to our journal are expected to comply with the following ethical responsibilities:

• Authors are expected to submit original work. If authors use or refer to other works, they must provide complete and accurate citations and/or quotations.
• Individuals who have not contributed intellectually to the content of the work should not be listed as authors.
• Any potential conflicts of interest or relationships that may arise in connection with the work submitted for publication must be disclosed.
• Authors may be requested to provide raw data related to their articles during the review process; in such cases, authors should be prepared to submit the requested data and information to the editorial board.
• The author(s) must possess the rights to use the data used, the necessary permissions related to the research/analysis, or a document showing that the consent of the subjects involved in the experiment has been obtained.
• If the author(s) discover any inaccuracies or errors in their published work, work in advance publication or under review, they are obliged to inform the journal editor or publisher and to cooperate with the editor in the process of correction or retraction.
• Authors may not submit their work to more than one journal simultaneously. Each submission may only be initiated after the previous submission has been completed. Work that has been published in another journal may not be submitted to this journal.
• Changes to author responsibilities (such as adding authors, changing author order, or removing authors) cannot be proposed for work that is already in the review process. See EASE Ethics Checklist for Authors

Our Journal's Publication Principles and Article Writing Rules

• Our journal publishes academic works in the types and topics detailed on the ‘Purpose and Scope’ page.
• Our journal's publication period is specified on the ‘About the Journal’ page.
• Articles must include a title in the language of the article / English title, abstract (at least 200 words), keywords (at least 5 concepts), structured English summary (at least 750 words), and a bibliography prepared in accordance with the APA system.
• The aim of our journal is to provide an open-access academic platform where researchers can share and publish their findings.
• Our journal publishes research articles, reviews, theoretical articles, opinion pieces, teaching applications, translations, conference abstracts, book reviews, legal reviews, decision reviews, film reviews, and conference papers.
• The scientific, intellectual, and literary responsibility for published articles rests with the authors.
• The journal reserves the right to edit submitted articles and to publish or not publish them.
• The journal's languages of publication are Turkish and English. Works written in other languages may also be published with the approval of the Editorial Board.
• Submitted works must not have been previously published or submitted to another journal for evaluation. The journal only accepts submissions via its website: https://ais3journal.com/
• Our journal uses a double-blind peer review system. Works deemed suitable for evaluation are sent to at least two reviewers in the relevant field. The names of the reviewers are kept confidential and the reports are stored for five years. If one referee report is positive and the other negative, the manuscript may be sent to a third referee, or the Editorial Board may review the referee reports and make the final decision. Authors shall take into account the criticism and suggestions of the referees and the Editorial Board. If they disagree with any points, they have the right to appeal, stating their reasons.
• Our journal is open access under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en). The Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) licence permits the sharing, copying, and reproduction of the work in any format and size, excluding commercial use, and permits adaptation, including reworking, transforming, and building upon the work, provided that the original work is properly attributed.

Manuscripts must be submitted in the format specified below. Manuscripts not uploaded in this format will not be considered for evaluation.

• Paper Size: A4 Portrait
• Top Margin: 2.5 cm
• Bottom Margin: 2.5 cm
• Left Margin: 3 cm
• Right Margin: 2.5 cm
• Font: Times New Roman
• Font Style: Normal
• Size (Normal Text): 11
• Size (Footnote Text): 9
• Table-Graph: 10
• Paragraph Spacing: Before 6 pt, After 0 pt (Before and after 0 pt in tables and graphs)
• Line Spacing: Single (1)
• If a special font is used in the text, the font used must also be sent with the text.
• Details such as page numbers, headers and footers should not be included in the text.
• Headings within the article should be bold, with only the first letter of each word capitalised and aligned with the paragraph indentation. No other formatting should be used.
• In terms of spelling and punctuation, the Turkish Language Association's Spelling Guide should be followed, except in special cases required by the article or subject.
• The APA 7 citation system should be used in the article. A bibliography must be included at the end of the article.
• Please download the template file provided here and upload your article in accordance with the template and instructions. Otherwise, the process for your article will not be initiated. The article will be returned to the author: Template File

Article Writing Criteria

Title: It should be precise and understandable for experts in other fields and should reflect the content of the article.

List of Authors: Authors should be listed in order of their contribution. The order of author names should be determined before the article is submitted. Any changes made after submission must be approved by all other authors and communicated to the journal editor. Author names should be supplemented with their institutional affiliations (at the time of the study) and current contact addresses. Providing the editorial office with all authors' email addresses facilitates the approval of the final version and enables easy communication.

Abstract: Briefly explain why you conducted this study (BACKGROUND), what questions you aimed to answer (OBJECTIVES), how you conducted the research (METHODS), what you found (RESULTS: main data, relationships), and your interpretation and main conclusions of your findings (CONCLUSIONS). As the abstract will be the main source of information about your research for most readers, it should reflect the content of the article. You should use keywords related to your results for online searches of your article (many databases only include the title and abstract). Do not refer to tables and figures in the abstract, as it can be published on its own. Similarly, references should not be included in the abstract unless absolutely necessary (if provided, they should include detailed information such as author, title, and year in square brackets). Ensure that all information included in the abstract is also present in the article itself. Pay attention to compliance with the journal's rules for article writing, such as abstract length and citation styles.

Keywords: Add all relevant scientific terms or only the keywords missing from the title (if requested by the editors). Keywords should be specific.

Introduction: Explain why it was necessary to conduct this research and which specific questions and research objectives you answered. Start with more general topics and gradually focus on your research questions.

Method: Describe in detail how the study was conducted (e.g. study setting, data collection, criteria, origin of material analysed, sample size, number of measurements, participants' age and gender, equipment, data analysis, statistical tests and software used).

Discussion: This section is where new findings, including statistical results, will be presented. Answer your research questions (provided at the end of the introduction) and compare your main findings as objectively as possible with published data. Highlight your own main findings while discussing their shortcomings. If your study involves individuals of a particular gender, discuss the validity and generalisability of your findings to both genders. Consider any findings that contradict your perspective. Use only evidence-based methods to support your opinion. At the end of the discussion or in a separate section, emphasise your main findings and the practical significance of your work.

Conclusion: Present the new findings of your study (previously published data should generally not appear in this section). All tables and figures should be included in the text and numbered in the order they appear. Ensure the appropriateness of the statistical analysis. Data pertaining to humans, animals, or any material derived from humans or animals should be disaggregated by gender. Do not fabricate data or distort data. And do not omit important data. Similarly, do not manipulate images in a way that could mislead readers. Such data manipulation may constitute scientific fraud.

Acknowledgements: List all individuals who contributed to the research but cannot be named as co-authors and thank funding sources in the recommended format: ‘This work was supported by the Research Council [grant number xxxx]’. If no such funding exists, use this sentence: “This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.” If applicable, disclose all other conflicts of interest. Example: financial and personal relationships with the manufacturer or organisation associated with the published material. If you reuse previously published material (e.g. figures), request permission from the copyright holder and acknowledge them in the caption or Acknowledgements section. If you have received assistance from a language specialist (e.g. author editor or translator), statistician, data collector, etc., you should thank these individuals for their help in the interests of transparency, but also state that they are not responsible for the final version of the article.

References: Ensure you cite the source of all important information taken from other publications. In the references, include all the necessary data so that the source can be found in the library or on the Internet. For publications in languages other than English, provide the original title (transcribed into English if necessary), followed by the English translation in square brackets if possible. Do not cite inaccessible, forced, or off-topic sources. Where appropriate, cite primary research articles rather than review articles. Do not include unpublished data in the bibliography – if you must mention it, describe the source within the article and request permission from the data producer to cite it.

Scientific Content

• Clearly distinguish your own original knowledge and ideas from those of other authors and from your own previous work – these should be referenced where necessary. Preferably summarise or comment on text taken from other sources. This also applies to translations. When you quote text verbatim (e.g. an entire sentence or a long passage), enclose it in quotation marks. Otherwise, you commit plagiarism or ‘self-plagiarism’. (See COPE flowcharts)
• Define any scientific terms that are unfamiliar or unclear when you first use them in the text. To assist readers interested in the article during their searches, synonyms for the term may be listed if available. However, to avoid confusion in the rest of the text, use only one of the synonymous terms.
• Avoid difficult expressions so that the reader is not forced to guess what you mean.
• When referring to percentages, clearly state what you mean by 100%. When discussing correlation, relationship, etc., clearly state which values are being compared to which other values.

Text Structure

• In general, sentences should not be too long. Sentence structure should be relatively simple, with the subject close to the verb. Passive expressions should be used as little as possible.
• To ensure the text is easier to follow, sections of text should be linked and organised logically.
• If possible, each paragraph should begin with a sentence summarising the topic of the paragraph. The following sentences should then be written to expand on the topic.
• Your figures and tables should be organised in a clear and understandable manner that does not require reference to the article text. Do not use data that does not provide direct information.

Language and Style

• Where scientific terminology is not used, words that are commonly known should preferably be used.
• Abbreviations should be defined where they first appear in the article, assuming that readers may not understand them. Do not use different abbreviations that will negatively affect the comprehensibility of the text. Do not use abbreviations for terms that appear very infrequently in the text. Avoid abbreviations in abstracts.
• In general, use the past tense when describing your findings or the methods and results of other researchers. The present tense is preferably used in general statements (e.g., statistical significance, results) or when referring specifically to the content of your article, such as tables and figures.
• Avoid referring to yourself as ‘the author’. Instead, use ‘we’ or “I” where appropriate, or use phrases such as ‘in this study,’ ‘the results we obtained,’ or ‘in our opinion.’ The phrase ‘this study’ should only be used when referring to your new findings.
• Ensure that verbs agree numerically with their subjects and that all pronoun references are clear.
• Read the text aloud to check punctuation. Commas or other punctuation marks are used at natural pauses to facilitate the flow of reading.
• Do not include information that is not relevant to the research questions you stated in the introduction.
• Do not copy parts of your previous publications and do not submit the same article to multiple journals. Otherwise, you may be held responsible for unnecessary publication.
• Information provided in one section should not be repeated in another section. The exceptions to this rule are abstracts, figure captions, and concluding paragraphs.
• Evaluate the necessity of all tables and figures. Data provided in tables should not be repeated in figures (or vice versa). Long lists of data should not be repeated in the text.
• Table and figure captions should not be too long but should be informative.
• Preferably delete obvious statements (e.g., ‘Forests are important ecosystems’) and other unnecessary phrases (e.g., ‘as is well known...’).
• If a long scientific term is frequently repeated, define its abbreviation where it is first used in the article and then use it consistently.
• State your uncertainties if necessary (e.g., write ‘is potential’ instead of ‘may be potential’). However, do not overgeneralise your results.
• Write all numbers in figures. In other words, write all numbers in figures, except for single-digit integers (unless there is no unit) and situations that could cause misunderstanding, such as abbreviations at the beginning of a sentence or containing numbers.
• Ask a colleague to check your text for any complex sections.